All the Welsh, Scottish, English and the UK capitals in history

Overview
A list of all the known Welsh, Scottish, English, UK's capitals in history to date. Some times there were many minor states, so the most significant are listed as 'de facto capital'.

Rome

 * 1) Colchester (Camulodunum) served as the first major British. It was designated as the capital of Roman Britain at around the time of the Roman senator and historian Tacitus. The Roman official Catus Decianus ruled as procurator of Britain from the ancient town in 60 AD.
 * 2) London (Londinium) was founded around 50AD and became the de facto capital in the wake of the rebellion by Boudicca in the 60's AD and the de facto capital in 100AD.  Cair Lundem was it's direct post-Roman dependent and controlled a local petty kingdom. It was a near to uninhibited ruin by the early 500s AD, when the Saxons came to settle it, save for a small survivor community in what would later become Southwark.

Romano-British
Colchester (Camulodunum) Winchester (Wintan-ceastre\Cair Guinntguic ("Fort Venta"))

Saxons

 * 1) Saxon settlement of Lundenwic ("London trading town") was not within the Roman walls but to the west in Aldwych. Essex had created it 1 mile (1.6 km) to the west of Londinium (named Lundenburg, or ("London Fort").Excavations show that the settlement covered about 600,000 m2 (6,500,000 sq ft), stretching along the north side of the Strand (i.e. "the beach") from the present-day National Gallery site in the west to Aldwych in the east. They were the capital of Essex for awhile. London was formally incorporated into the Kingdom of Essex from the mid-6th century.
 * 2) Maldon was the capital of Essex for a while.
 * 3) Tamworth on the Staffordshire\Warwickshire county border acted as Mercia’s official capital under King Offa and had previously established as its royal centre by King Penda in the 7th century.
 * 4) Alfred the Great started Saxon rule from Winchester in the late 800s. Winchester (Wintan-ceastre\Cair Guinntguic ("Fort Venta")) was the capital of England between the 10th and 11th centuries.

Scotland

 * 1) King Malcolm IV described Scone Abbey, which once housed the famous ‘Stone of Scone’, as Scotland’s “principal seat”. With this, ancient village of Scone became the closest thing to a capital for the Kingdom of Scotland from around 1163.
 * 2) Edinburgh had became the Scottish capital after c. 1452.

Wales

 * 1) The small town of Machynlleth had Owain Glyndwr's Welsh Parliament there in 1404. It’s known as the ancient capital of Wales – though this was never officially recognised and still is not.

Vikings

 * 1) King Sweyn Forkbeard, who was crowned there on Christmas Day in 1013. He ruled England for just 40 days as nation’s shortest-reigning monarch. Gainsborough was his chosen capital.

English

 * 1) London was declared the de jure national capital by the Normans in 1066. I had grown so much in importance it had become the de facto since the 12th century.
 * 2) Canterbury had periodically been the capital of England in the middle ages. It still hosts the head of the Anglican Church.
 * 3) Oxford was declared the nation’s royalist capital for a while during the English Civil War when Charles I held his court in the city from 1642, after Oliver Cromwell successfully expelled him from London.
 * 4) Napoleonic war- Weedon, Bucks; Weedon, Northampton and Weldon, Northants were planned as a post invasion capital for a UK resistance movement.
 * 5) The Great Stink got so bad in 1858 that MPs suggested that the business of government to Oxford, Henley, Richmond-upon-Thames, Reading, Windsor, Southend-upon-Sea or St Albans. Oxford and St. Albans were the most likely, with Henley close behind.
 * 6) The government's cabinet sat ad-hoc in Inverness for a few days in the early 20th century.
 * 7) WW1-Liverpool was planned as a post invasion capital for a UK resistance movement.
 * 8) WW2-Worcester was planned as a post invasion capital for a UK resistance movement.

Also see

 * 1) United Kingdom